test/UsefulBuf_Tests.c

/* ==========================================================================
 * Copyright (c) 2016-2018, The Linux Foundation.
 * Copyright (c) 2018-2024, Laurence Lundblade.
 * Copyright (c) 2021, Arm Limited.
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
 * met:
 *     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 *     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
 *       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
 *       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
 *       with the distribution.
 *     * Neither the name of The Linux Foundation nor the names of its
 *       contributors, nor the name "Laurence Lundblade" may be used to
 *       endorse or promote products derived from this software without
 *       specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
 * WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS
 * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
 * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
 * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
 * BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
 * WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE
 * OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN
 * IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 * ========================================================================= */

#include "UsefulBuf.h"


/* This calls the main methods to add stuff to a UsefulOutBuf.
 * The result in the UsefulOutBuf is "heffalump unbounce bluster hunny bear"
 */
const char *AddStuffToUOB(UsefulOutBuf *pUOB)
{
   const char *szReturn = NULL;

   if(!UsefulOutBuf_AtStart(pUOB)) {
      szReturn = "Not at start";
      goto Done;
   }

   /* Put 7 bytes at beginning of buf */
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendData(pUOB, "bluster", 7);

   if(UsefulOutBuf_AtStart(pUOB)) {
      szReturn = "At start";
      goto Done;
   }

   /* add a space to end */
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendByte(pUOB, ' ');

   /* Add an empty string */
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendUsefulBuf(pUOB, NULLUsefulBufC);

   /* Add a zero length string (valid pointer, 0 length) */
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendData(pUOB, "xxx", 0);

   /* Add 6 bytes to the end */
   UsefulBufC UBC = {"hunny ", 6};
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendUsefulBuf(pUOB, UBC);

   /* Insert 9 bytes at the beginning, slide the previous stuff right */
   UsefulOutBuf_InsertData(pUOB, "heffalump", 9, 0);
   UsefulOutBuf_InsertByte(pUOB, ' ', 9);

   /* Put 9 bytes in at position 10 -- just after "heffalump " */
   UsefulBufC UBC2 = {"unbounce ", 9};
   UsefulOutBuf_InsertUsefulBuf(pUOB, UBC2, 10);

   /* Add 4 bytes to the end, by accessing the buffer directly and then advancing it */
   UsefulBuf UB = UsefulOutBuf_GetOutPlace(pUOB);
   if (!UsefulBuf_IsNULL(UB)) {
      memcpy(UB.ptr, "bear", UB.len < 4 ? UB.len : 4);
   }
   UsefulOutBuf_Advance(pUOB, 4);

Done:
   return szReturn;
}


/* Basic exercise of a UsefulOutBuf
 *
 *  Call all the main public functions.
 *
 *  Binary compare the result to the expected.
 *
 * There is nothing adversarial in this test
 */
const char * UOBTest_NonAdversarial(void)
{
   const char *szReturn = NULL;

   UsefulBuf_MAKE_STACK_UB(outbuf, 50);

   UsefulOutBuf UOB;

   UsefulOutBuf_Init(&UOB, outbuf);

   szReturn = AddStuffToUOB(&UOB);
   if(szReturn) {
      goto Done;
   }

   const UsefulBufC Expected = UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("heffalump unbounce bluster hunny bear");

   UsefulBufC U = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);
   if(UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(U) ||
      UsefulBuf_Compare(Expected, U) ||
      UsefulOutBuf_GetError(&UOB)) {
      szReturn = "OutUBuf";
      goto Done;
   }

   UsefulBuf_MAKE_STACK_UB(buf, 50);
   UsefulBufC Out = UsefulOutBuf_CopyOut(&UOB, buf);
   if(UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(Out) || UsefulBuf_Compare(Expected, Out)) {
      szReturn = "CopyOut";
      goto Done;
   }

   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutSubString(&UOB, 10, 8);
   if(UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(Out) ||
      UsefulBuf_Compare(UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("unbounce"), Out) ||
      UsefulOutBuf_GetError(&UOB)) {
      szReturn = "SubString substring";
      goto Done;
   }

   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutSubString(&UOB, 0, Expected.len);
   if(UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(Out) ||
      UsefulBuf_Compare(Expected, Out) ||
      UsefulOutBuf_GetError(&UOB)) {
      szReturn = "SubString all";
      goto Done;
   }

   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutSubString(&UOB, Expected.len, 0);
   if(UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(Out) ||
      UsefulBuf_Compare(UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL(""), Out) ||
      UsefulOutBuf_GetError(&UOB)) {
      szReturn = "SubString empty";
      goto Done;
   }

   /* Now test the size calculation mode */
   UsefulOutBuf_Init(&UOB, SizeCalculateUsefulBuf);

   szReturn = AddStuffToUOB(&UOB);
   if(szReturn) {
      goto Done;
   }

   U = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);
   if(U.len != Expected.len || U.ptr != NULL) {
      szReturn = "size calculation failed";
   }

Done:
   return szReturn;
}


/*
 * Append test utility.
 *   pUOB is the buffer to append too
 *   num is the amount to append
 *   expected is the expected return code, 0 or 1
 *
 * returns 0 if test passed
 */
static int AppendTest(UsefulOutBuf *pUOB, size_t num, int expected)
{
   //reset
   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(pUOB);

   // check status first
   if(UsefulOutBuf_GetError(pUOB))
      return 1;

   // append the bytes
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendData(pUOB, (const uint8_t *)"bluster", num);

   // check error status after
   if(UsefulOutBuf_GetError(pUOB) != expected)
      return 1;

   return 0;
}


/*
 * Same as append, but takes a position param too
 */
static int InsertTest(UsefulOutBuf *pUOB,  size_t num, size_t pos, int expected)
{
   // reset
   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(pUOB);

   // check
   if(UsefulOutBuf_GetError(pUOB))
      return 1;

   UsefulOutBuf_InsertData(pUOB, (const uint8_t *)"bluster", num, pos);

   if(UsefulOutBuf_GetError(pUOB) != expected)
      return 1;

   return 0;
}


/*
 * Boundary conditions to test
 *  - around 0
 *  - around the buffer size
 *  - around MAX size_t
 *
 *
 * Test these for the buffer size and the cursor, the insert amount, the
 * append amount and the insert position
 */

const char *UOBTest_BoundaryConditionsTest(void)
{
   UsefulBuf_MAKE_STACK_UB(outbuf, 2);
   UsefulOutBuf            UOB_UnInitialized;
   UsefulOutBuf            UOB;

   /* For test detection of uninitlized UOB (wrong magic number) */
   memset(&UOB_UnInitialized, 42, sizeof(UsefulInputBuf));

   UsefulOutBuf_Init(&UOB, outbuf);

   // append 0 byte to a 2 byte buffer --> success
   if(AppendTest(&UOB, 0, 0))
      return "Append 0 bytes failed";

   // append 1 byte to a 2 byte buffer --> success
   if(AppendTest(&UOB, 1, 0))
      return "Append of 1 byte failed";

   // append 2 byte to a 2 byte buffer --> success
   if(AppendTest(&UOB, 2, 0))
      return "Append to fill buffer failed";

   // append 3 bytes to a 2 byte buffer --> failure
   if(AppendTest(&UOB, 3, 1))
      return "Overflow of buffer not caught";

   // append max size_t to a 2 byte buffer --> failure
   if(AppendTest(&UOB, SIZE_MAX, 1))
      return "Append of SIZE_MAX error not caught";

   if(InsertTest(&UOB, 1, 0, 0))
      return "Insert 1 byte at start failed";

   if(InsertTest(&UOB, 2, 0, 0))
      return "Insert 2 bytes at start failed";

   if(InsertTest(&UOB, 3, 0, 1))
      return "Insert overflow not caught";

   if(InsertTest(&UOB, 1, 1, 1))
      return "Bad insertion point not caught";


   UsefulBuf_MAKE_STACK_UB(outBuf2, 10);

   UsefulOutBuf_Init(&UOB, outBuf2);

   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(&UOB);
   // put data in the buffer
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendString(&UOB, "abc123");

   UsefulOutBuf_InsertString(&UOB, "xyz*&^", 0);

   if(!UsefulOutBuf_GetError(&UOB)) {
      return "insert with data should have failed";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_InsertString(&UOB_UnInitialized, "abc123", 0);
   if(!UsefulOutBuf_GetError(&UOB_UnInitialized)) {
      return "InsertString failed uninit detect";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Init(&UOB, outBuf2);
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendString(&UOB, "abc123");

   UsefulBufC Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutSubString(&UOB, 7, 1);
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(Out)) {
      return "SubString start should fail off end 1";
   }
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutSubString(&UOB, 5, 3);
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(Out)) {
      return "SubString len should fail off end 2";
   }
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutSubString(&UOB, 0, 7);
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(Out)) {
      return "SubString len should fail off end 3";
   }
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutSubString(&UOB, 7, 0);
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(Out)) {
      return "SubString len should fail off end 4";
   }
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutSubString(&UOB, 6, 1);
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(Out)) {
      return "SubString len should fail off end 5";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Init(&UOB, (UsefulBuf){NULL, SIZE_MAX - 5});
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendData(&UOB, "123456789", SIZE_MAX -6);
   if(UsefulOutBuf_GetError(&UOB)) {
      return "insert in huge should have succeeded";
   }
   UsefulOutBuf_Init(&UOB, outBuf2);
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutSubString(&UOB, 0, 1);
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(Out)) {
      return "SubString len should fail off end 5";
   }
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutSubString(&UOB_UnInitialized, 0, 1);
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(Out)) {
      return "SubString failed uninit detect";
   }



   UsefulOutBuf_Init(&UOB, (UsefulBuf){NULL, SIZE_MAX - 5});
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendData(&UOB, "123456789", SIZE_MAX -5);
   if(UsefulOutBuf_GetError(&UOB)) {
      return "insert in huge should have succeeded";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Init(&UOB, (UsefulBuf){NULL, SIZE_MAX - 5});
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendData(&UOB, "123456789", SIZE_MAX - 4);
   if(!UsefulOutBuf_GetError(&UOB)) {
      return "lengths near max size";
   }
   UsefulBufC O = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(O)) {
      return "OutUBuf in error should have returned NULL";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Init(&UOB, (UsefulBuf){NULL, 100});
   if(!UsefulOutBuf_IsBufferNULL(&UOB)) {
      return "NULL check failed";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Init(&UOB, outbuf);
   UOB.magic = 99; // corrupt the UOB
   O = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(O)) {
      return "OutUBuf on corrupted should have returned NULL";
   }

   MakeUsefulBufOnStack(Tmp, 20);
   O = UsefulOutBuf_CopyOut(&UOB, Tmp);
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(O)) {
      return "CopyOut on corrupted should have returned NULL";
   }

   return NULL;
}



// Test function to get size and magic number check

const char *TestBasicSanity(void)
{
   UsefulBuf_MAKE_STACK_UB(outbuf,10);

   UsefulOutBuf UOB;

   // First -- make sure that the room left function returns the right amount
   UsefulOutBuf_Init(&UOB, outbuf);

   if(UsefulOutBuf_RoomLeft(&UOB) != 10)
      return "room left failed";

   if(!UsefulOutBuf_WillItFit(&UOB, 9)) {
      return "it did not fit";
   }

   if(UsefulOutBuf_WillItFit(&UOB, 11)) {
      return "it should have not fit";
   }


   // Next -- make sure that the magic number checking is working right
   UOB.magic = 8888; // make magic bogus

   UsefulOutBuf_AppendData(&UOB, (const uint8_t *)"bluster", 7);

   if(!UsefulOutBuf_GetError(&UOB)) {
      return "magic corruption check failed";
   }



   // Next make sure that the valid data length check is working right
   UsefulOutBuf_Init(&UOB, outbuf);

   UOB.data_len = UOB.UB.len+1; // make size bogus

   UsefulOutBuf_AppendData(&UOB, (const uint8_t *)"bluster", 7);
   if(!UsefulOutBuf_GetError(&UOB))
      return "valid data check failed";

   return NULL;
}



const char *UBMacroConversionsTest(void)
{
   char *szFoo = "foo";

   UsefulBufC Foo = UsefulBuf_FromSZ(szFoo);
   if(Foo.len != 3 || strncmp(Foo.ptr, szFoo, 3))
      return "SZToUsefulBufC failed";

   UsefulBufC Too = UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("Toooo");
   if(Too.len != 5 || strncmp(Too.ptr, "Toooo", 5))
      return "UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL failed";

   uint8_t pB[] = {0x42, 0x6f, 0x6f};
   UsefulBufC Boo = UsefulBuf_FROM_BYTE_ARRAY_LITERAL(pB);
   if(Boo.len != 3 || strncmp(Boo.ptr, "Boo", 3))
     return "UsefulBuf_FROM_BYTE_ARRAY_LITERAL failed";

   char *String = "string"; // Intentionally not const
   UsefulBuf B = (UsefulBuf){(void *)String, strlen(String)};
   UsefulBufC BC = UsefulBuf_Const(B);
   if(BC.len != strlen(String) || BC.ptr != String)
      return "UsefulBufConst failed";

   return NULL;
}


const char *UBUtilTests(void)
{
   UsefulBuf UB = NULLUsefulBuf;

   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULL(UB)){
      return "IsNull failed";
   }

   if(!UsefulBuf_IsEmpty(UB)){
      return "IsEmpty failed";
   }

   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLOrEmpty(UB)) {
      return "IsNULLOrEmpty failed";
   }

   const UsefulBufC UBC = UsefulBuf_Const(UB);

   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(UBC)){
      return "IsNull const failed";
   }

   if(!UsefulBuf_IsEmptyC(UBC)){
      return "IsEmptyC failed";
   }

   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLOrEmptyC(UBC)){
      return "IsNULLOrEmptyC failed";
   }

   const UsefulBuf UB2 = UsefulBuf_Unconst(UBC);
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsEmpty(UB2)) {
      return "Back to UB is Empty failed";
   }

   UB.ptr = "x"; // just some valid pointer

   if(UsefulBuf_IsNULL(UB)){
      return "IsNull failed";
   }

   if(!UsefulBuf_IsEmptyC(UBC)){
      return "IsEmpty failed";
   }

   // test the Unconst.
   if(UsefulBuf_Unconst(UBC).ptr != NULL) {
      return "Unconst failed";
   }

   // Set 100 bytes of '+'; validated a few tests later
   UsefulBuf_MAKE_STACK_UB(Temp, 100);
   const UsefulBufC TempC = UsefulBuf_Set(Temp, '+');

   // Try to copy into a buf that is too small and see failure
   UsefulBuf_MAKE_STACK_UB(Temp2, 99);
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(UsefulBuf_Copy(Temp2, TempC))) {
      return "Copy should have failed";
   }

   if(UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(UsefulBuf_CopyPtr(Temp2, "xx", 2))) {
      return "CopyPtr failed";
   }

   UsefulBufC xxyy = UsefulBuf_CopyOffset(Temp2, 2, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("yy"));
   if(UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(xxyy)) {
      return "CopyOffset Failed";
   }

   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(UsefulBuf_Head(xxyy, 3), UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("xxy"))) {
      return "head failed";
   }

   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(UsefulBuf_Tail(xxyy, 1), UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("xyy"))) {
      return "tail failed";
   }

   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(UsefulBuf_Head(xxyy, 5))) {
      return "head should have failed";
   }

   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(UsefulBuf_Tail(xxyy, 5))) {
      return "tail should have failed";
   }

   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(UsefulBuf_Tail(NULLUsefulBufC, 0))) {
      return "tail of NULLUsefulBufC is not NULLUsefulBufC";
   }

   const UsefulBufC TailResult = UsefulBuf_Tail((UsefulBufC){NULL, 100}, 99);
   if(TailResult.ptr != NULL || TailResult.len != 1) {
      return "tail of NULL and length incorrect";
   }

   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(UsefulBuf_CopyOffset(Temp2, 100, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("yy")))) {
      return "Copy Offset should have failed";
   }

   // Try to copy into a NULL/empty buf and see failure
   const UsefulBuf UBNull = NULLUsefulBuf;
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(UsefulBuf_Copy(UBNull, TempC))) {
      return "Copy to NULL should have failed";
   }


   // Try to set a NULL/empty buf; nothing should happen
   UsefulBuf_Set(UBNull, '+'); // This will crash on failure

   // Copy successfully to a buffer
   UsefulBuf_MAKE_STACK_UB(Temp3, 101);
   if(UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(UsefulBuf_Copy(Temp3, TempC))) {
      return "Copy should not have failed";
   }

   static const uint8_t pExpected[] = {
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
   };
   UsefulBufC Expected = UsefulBuf_FROM_BYTE_ARRAY_LITERAL(pExpected);
   // This validates comparison for equality and the UsefulBuf_Set
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Expected, TempC)) {
      return "Set / Copy / Compare failed";
   }

   // Compare two empties and expect success
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(NULLUsefulBufC, NULLUsefulBufC)){
      return "Compare Empties failed";
   }

   // Compare with empty and expect the first to be larger
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Expected, NULLUsefulBufC) <= 0){
      return "Compare with empty failed";
   }


   static const uint8_t pExpectedBigger[] = {
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  ',',
   };
   const UsefulBufC ExpectedBigger = UsefulBuf_FROM_BYTE_ARRAY_LITERAL(pExpectedBigger);

   // Expect -1 when the first arg is smaller
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Expected, ExpectedBigger) >= 0){
      return "Compare with bigger";
   }


   static const uint8_t pExpectedSmaller[] = {
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '*',
   };
   const UsefulBufC ExpectedSmaller = UsefulBuf_FROM_BYTE_ARRAY_LITERAL(pExpectedSmaller);
   // Expect +1 when the first arg is larger
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Expected, ExpectedSmaller) <= 0){
      return "Compare with smaller";
   }


   static const uint8_t pExpectedLonger[] = {
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+'
   };
   const UsefulBufC ExpectedLonger = UsefulBuf_FROM_BYTE_ARRAY_LITERAL(pExpectedLonger);

   // Expect -1 when the first arg is smaller
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Expected, ExpectedLonger) >= 0){
      return "Compare with longer";
   }


   static const uint8_t pExpectedShorter[] = {
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+',
      '+',  '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',  '+', '+',  '+',
   };
   const UsefulBufC ExpectedShorter = UsefulBuf_FROM_BYTE_ARRAY_LITERAL(pExpectedShorter);
   // Expect +1 with the first arg is larger
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Expected, ExpectedShorter) <= 0){
      return "Compare with shorter";
   }


   if(UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(UsefulBuf_Copy(Temp, NULLUsefulBufC))) {
      return "Copy null/empty failed";
   }

   if(UsefulBuf_IsValue(ExpectedShorter, '+') != SIZE_MAX) {
      return "IsValue failed to match all";
   }

   if(UsefulBuf_IsValue(ExpectedShorter, '-') != 0) {
      return "IsValue should have failed right away";
   }

   if(UsefulBuf_IsValue(NULLUsefulBufC, 0x00) != 0) {
      return "IsValue failed on NULLUsefulBufC";
   }

   if(UsefulBuf_IsValue((UsefulBufC){(uint8_t[]){0x00}, 1}, 0x00) != SIZE_MAX) {
      return "IsValue failed finding 0 in one byte of 0";
   }

   if(UsefulBuf_IsValue((UsefulBufC){(uint8_t[]){0x00}, 1}, 0x01) != 0) {
      return "IsValue failed not finding 1 in one byte of 0";
   }

   if(UsefulBuf_IsValue(ExpectedSmaller, '+') != ExpectedSmaller.len -1) {
      return "IsValue failed to find final *";
   }

   // Look for +++++... in +++++... and find it at the beginning
   if(0 != UsefulBuf_FindBytes(ExpectedLonger, ExpectedShorter)){
      return "Failed to find";
   }

   // look for ++* in ....++* and find it at the end
   static const uint8_t pToFind[] = {'+', '+', '*'};
   const UsefulBufC ToBeFound = UsefulBuf_FROM_BYTE_ARRAY_LITERAL(pToFind);

   if(97 != UsefulBuf_FindBytes(ExpectedSmaller, ToBeFound)){
      return "Failed to find 2";
   }

   // look for ++* in ....++, and find it near the end
   if(SIZE_MAX != UsefulBuf_FindBytes(ExpectedBigger, ToBeFound)){
      return "Failed to not find";
   }

   // Look for the whole buffer in itself and succeed.
   if(0 != UsefulBuf_FindBytes(ExpectedLonger, ExpectedLonger)){
      return "Failed to find 3";
   }

   if(SIZE_MAX != UsefulBuf_FindBytes(Expected, ExpectedLonger)) {
      return "Failed to find 4";
   }

   UsefulBufC Substring;
   Substring = UsefulBuf_SkipLeading(UsefulBuf_FromSZ("xxyyzz"), 'x');
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Substring, UsefulBuf_FromSZ("yyzz"))) {
      return "SkipLeading didn't skip";
   }

   Substring = UsefulBuf_SkipLeading(UsefulBuf_FromSZ("xxyyzz"), 'y');
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Substring, UsefulBuf_FromSZ("xxyyzz"))) {
      return "SkipLeading skipped";
   }

   Substring = UsefulBuf_SkipLeading(UsefulBuf_FromSZ("qqq"), 'q');
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Substring, UsefulBuf_FromSZ(""))) {
      return "SkipLeading didn't return empty";
   }

   Substring = UsefulBuf_SkipLeading(UsefulBuf_FromSZ("x"), 'x');
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Substring, UsefulBuf_FromSZ(""))) {
      return "SkipLeading didn't return empty";
   }

   Substring = UsefulBuf_SkipLeading(UsefulBuf_FromSZ("xxxxxxxxxxxx"), 'x');
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Substring, UsefulBuf_FromSZ(""))) {
      return "SkipLeading didn't return empty";
   }

   const uint8_t pB[] = {0x01, 0x02, 0x03};
   UsefulBufC Boo = UsefulBuf_FROM_BYTE_ARRAY_LITERAL(pB);
   // Try to map a pointer before
   if(UsefulBuf_PointerToOffset(Boo, pB-1) != SIZE_MAX) {
      return "Didn't error on pointer before";
   }

   // Try to map a pointer after
   if(UsefulBuf_PointerToOffset(Boo, pB+sizeof(pB)) != SIZE_MAX) {
      return "Didn't error on pointer after";
   }

   // Try to map a pointer inside
   if(UsefulBuf_PointerToOffset(Boo, pB+1) != 1) {
      return "Incorrect pointer offset";
   }

   // Try to map a pointer at the start
   if(UsefulBuf_PointerToOffset(Boo, pB) != 0) {
      return "Incorrect pointer offset for start";
   }

   // Try to map a pointer at the end
   if(UsefulBuf_PointerToOffset(Boo, pB + sizeof(pB)-1) != 2) {
      return "Incorrect pointer offset for end";
   }

   // Try to map a pointer on a NULL UB
   if(UsefulBuf_PointerToOffset(NULLUsefulBufC, pB ) != SIZE_MAX) {
      return "Incorrect pointer offset for start";
   }

   if(UsefulBuf_OffsetToPointer(Boo, 0) != &pB[0]) {
      return "Wrong OffsetToPointer";
   }

   if(UsefulBuf_OffsetToPointer(Boo, 3) != NULL) {
      return "Didn't validate offset correctly";
   }

   if(UsefulBuf_OffsetToPointer(Boo, 2) != &pB[2]) {
      return "Wrong OffsetToPointer 2";
   }

   if(UsefulBuf_OffsetToPointer(NULLUsefulBufC, 2) != NULL) {
      return "Failed OffsetToPtr on NULLUsefulBufC";
   }

   return NULL;
}


const char *  UIBTest_IntegerFormat(void)
{
   UsefulOutBuf_MakeOnStack(UOB, 100);

   const uint32_t u32 = 0x0A0B0C0D; // from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness
   const uint64_t u64 = 1984738472938472;
   const uint16_t u16 = 40000;
   const uint8_t  u8 = 9;
#ifndef USEFULBUF_DISABLE_ALL_FLOAT
   const float    f  = (float)314.15;
   const double   d  = 2.1e10;
#endif /* ! USEFULBUF_DISABLE_ALL_FLOAT */


   UsefulOutBuf_AppendUint32(&UOB, u32); // Also tests UsefulOutBuf_InsertUint64 and UsefulOutBuf_GetEndPosition
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendUint64(&UOB, u64); // Also tests UsefulOutBuf_InsertUint32
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendUint16(&UOB, u16); // Also tests UsefulOutBuf_InsertUint16
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendByte(&UOB, u8);
#ifndef USEFULBUF_DISABLE_ALL_FLOAT
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendFloat(&UOB, f); // Also tests UsefulOutBuf_InsertFloat
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendDouble(&UOB, d); // Also tests UsefulOutBuf_InsertDouble
#endif /* ! USEFULBUF_DISABLE_ALL_FLOAT */

   const UsefulBufC O = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);
   if(UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(O))
      return "Couldn't output integers";

   // from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endianness
   const uint8_t pExpectedNetworkOrder[4] = {0x0A, 0x0B, 0x0C, 0x0D};
   if(memcmp(O.ptr, pExpectedNetworkOrder, 4)) {
      return "not in network order";
   }

   UsefulInputBuf UIB;

   UsefulInputBuf_Init(&UIB, O);

   if(UsefulInputBuf_Tell(&UIB) != 0) {
      return "UsefulInputBuf_Tell failed";
   }

   if(UsefulInputBuf_GetUint32(&UIB) != u32) {
      return "u32 out then in failed";
   }
   if(UsefulInputBuf_GetUint64(&UIB) != u64) {
      return "u64 out then in failed";
   }
   if(UsefulInputBuf_GetUint16(&UIB) != u16) {
      return "u16 out then in failed";
   }
   if(UsefulInputBuf_GetByte(&UIB) != u8) {
      return "u8 out then in failed";
   }
#ifndef USEFULBUF_DISABLE_ALL_FLOAT
   if(UsefulInputBuf_GetFloat(&UIB) != f) {
      return "float out then in failed";
   }
   if(UsefulInputBuf_GetDouble(&UIB) != d) {
      return "double out then in failed";
   }
#endif /* USEFULBUF_DISABLE_ALL_FLOAT */

   if(UsefulInputBuf_GetUint16(&UIB) != 0) {
      return "Didn't catch off end with GetUint16";
   }
   if(UsefulInputBuf_GetUint32(&UIB) !=0 ) {
      return "Didn't catch off end with GetUint32";
   }
   if(UsefulInputBuf_GetUint64(&UIB) !=0 ) {
      return "Didn't catch off end with GetUint64";
   }

   // Reset and go again for a few more tests
   UsefulInputBuf_Init(&UIB, O);

   const UsefulBufC Four = UsefulInputBuf_GetUsefulBuf(&UIB, 4);
   if(UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(Four)) {
      return "Four is NULL";
   }
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Four, UsefulBuf_FROM_BYTE_ARRAY_LITERAL(pExpectedNetworkOrder))) {
      return "Four compare failed";
   }

#ifndef USEFULBUF_DISABLE_ALL_FLOAT
   if(UsefulInputBuf_BytesUnconsumed(&UIB) != 23){
      return "Wrong number of unconsumed bytes";
   }

   if(!UsefulInputBuf_BytesAvailable(&UIB, 23)){
      return "Wrong number of bytes available I";
   }

   if(UsefulInputBuf_BytesAvailable(&UIB, 24)){
      return "Wrong number of bytes available II";
   }
#else /* USEFULBUF_DISABLE_ALL_FLOAT */
   if(UsefulInputBuf_BytesUnconsumed(&UIB) != 11){
      return "Wrong number of unconsumed bytes";
   }
   if(!UsefulInputBuf_BytesAvailable(&UIB, 11)){
      return "Wrong number of bytes available I";
   }

   if(UsefulInputBuf_BytesAvailable(&UIB, 12)){
      return "Wrong number of bytes available II";
   }
#endif /* ! USEFULBUF_DISABLE_ALL_FLOAT */

   UsefulInputBuf_Seek(&UIB, 0);

   if(UsefulInputBuf_GetError(&UIB)) {
      return "unexpected error after seek";
   }

   const uint8_t *pGetBytes = (const uint8_t *)UsefulInputBuf_GetBytes(&UIB, 4);
   if(pGetBytes == NULL) {
      return "GetBytes returns NULL";
   }

   if(memcmp(pGetBytes, pExpectedNetworkOrder, 4)) {
      return "Got wrong bytes";
   }

   UsefulInputBuf_Seek(&UIB, 28);

   if(!UsefulInputBuf_GetError(&UIB)) {
      return "expected error after seek";
   }

   if(UsefulInputBuf_PointerToOffset(&UIB, O.ptr) != 0) {
      return "PointerToOffset not working";
   }


   const uint8_t pB[] = {0x01, 0x02, 0x03};
   UsefulBufC Boo = UsefulBuf_FROM_BYTE_ARRAY_LITERAL(pB);

   UsefulInputBuf_Init(&UIB, Boo);

   if(UsefulInputBuf_OffsetToPointer(&UIB, 0) != &pB[0]) {
      return "OffsetToPointer fail";
   }

   if(UsefulInputBuf_OffsetToPointer(&UIB, SIZE_MAX) != NULL) {
      return "OffsetToPointer SIZE_MAX fail";
   }

   UsefulInputBuf_Init(&UIB, Boo);
   UIB.magic = 88;
   size_t uUnc = UsefulInputBuf_BytesUnconsumed(&UIB);
   if(uUnc != 0) {
      return "Didn't detect corrupted UsefulInputBuf";
   }

   UsefulInputBuf_Init(&UIB, Boo);
   UIB.cursor = 500;
   uUnc = UsefulInputBuf_BytesUnconsumed(&UIB);
   if(uUnc != 0) {
      return "Didn't detect bad UsefulInputBuf cursor";
   }

   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(UsefulInputBuf_GetUsefulBuf(&UIB, 5000))) {
      return "Didn't detect off-end request of UsefulInputBuf";
   }

   if(!UsefulInputBuf_GetError(&UIB)) {
      return "UIB Error state not reported";
   }

   UsefulInputBuf_Init(&UIB, Boo);
   if(UsefulInputBuf_GetBufferLength(&UIB) != Boo.len) {
      return "UIB length wrong";
   }
   UsefulInputBuf_SetBufferLength(&UIB, 1);
   if(UsefulInputBuf_GetBufferLength(&UIB) != 1) {
      return "UIB SetBufferLength failed";
   }

   UsefulBufC CompCheck = UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("abcd");
   UsefulInputBuf_Init(&UIB, CompCheck);

   if(UsefulInputBuf_Compare(&UIB, 0, 2, 2, 2) >= 0) {
      return "UB 1 compared greater than UB2";
   }
   if(UsefulInputBuf_Compare(&UIB, 0, 2, 0, 2) != 0) {
      return "UB1 and UB2 didn't compare equally";
   }
   if(UsefulInputBuf_Compare(&UIB, 2, 2, 0, 2) <= 0) {
      return "UB2 compared less than UB1";
   }
   if(UsefulInputBuf_Compare(&UIB, 4, 1, 2, 2) <= 0) {
      return "Off-the-end UB1 compared as less than UB2";
   }
   if(UsefulInputBuf_Compare(&UIB, 0, 5, 2, 2) <= 0) {
      return "Off-the-end UB1 compared as less than UB2 (second)";
   }
   if(UsefulInputBuf_Compare(&UIB, 0, 2, 5, 1) >= 0) {
      return "Off-the-end UB2 compared as less than UB2";
   }
   if(UsefulInputBuf_Compare(&UIB, 0, 2, 2, 3) >= 0) {
      return "Off-the-end UB2 compared as less than UB2 (second)";
   }

   return NULL;
}


#ifndef USEFULBUF_DISABLE_ALL_FLOAT
const char *UBUTest_CopyUtil(void)
{
   if(UsefulBufUtil_CopyFloatToUint32(65536.0F) != 0x47800000) {
      return "CopyFloatToUint32 failed";
   }

   if(UsefulBufUtil_CopyDoubleToUint64(4e-40F) != 0X37C16C2800000000ULL) {
      return "CopyDoubleToUint64 failed";
   }

   if(UsefulBufUtil_CopyUint64ToDouble(0X37C16C2800000000ULL) != 4e-40F) {
      return "CopyUint64ToDouble failed";
   }

   if(UsefulBufUtil_CopyUint32ToFloat(0x47800000) != 65536.0F) {
      return "CopyUint32ToFloat failed";
   }

   return NULL;
}
#endif /* ! USEFULBUF_DISABLE_ALL_FLOAT */


const char *UBAdvanceTest(void)
{
   #define ADVANCE_TEST_SIZE 10
   UsefulOutBuf_MakeOnStack(UOB, ADVANCE_TEST_SIZE);

   UsefulBuf Place = UsefulOutBuf_GetOutPlace(&UOB);
   if(Place.len != 10) {
      return "GetOutPlace wrong size";
   }

   memset(Place.ptr, 'x', Place.len/2);

   UsefulOutBuf_Advance(&UOB, Place.len/2);

   UsefulOutBuf_AppendByte(&UOB, 'y');

   Place = UsefulOutBuf_GetOutPlace(&UOB);
   if(Place.len != ADVANCE_TEST_SIZE/2 -1 ) {
      return "GetOutPlace wrong size 2";
   }

   memset(Place.ptr, 'z', Place.len);

   UsefulOutBuf_Advance(&UOB, Place.len);

   UsefulBufC O = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);

   UsefulBuf_Compare(O, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("xxxxxyzzzz"));

   Place = UsefulOutBuf_GetOutPlace(&UOB);
   if(Place.len != 0 || Place.ptr != NULL) {
      return "GetOutPlace not null";
   }

   if(UsefulOutBuf_GetError(&UOB)) {
      return "GetOutPlace error set";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Advance(&UOB, 1);
   if(!UsefulOutBuf_GetError(&UOB)) {
      return "Advance off end didn't set error";
   }

   // Try to advance in error state
   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(&UOB);
   UsefulOutBuf_Advance(&UOB, 1);
   Place = UsefulOutBuf_GetOutPlace(&UOB);
   UsefulOutBuf_Advance(&UOB, 1000);
   UsefulOutBuf_Advance(&UOB, 1);
   UsefulBuf Place2;
   Place2 = UsefulOutBuf_GetOutPlace(&UOB);
   if(memcmp(&Place, &Place2, sizeof(Place))) {
      return "Advance didn't noop in error state";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(&UOB);
   UOB.data_len = UOB.UB.len + 1; // React in and corrupt
   UsefulOutBuf_Advance(&UOB, 1);
   if(!UsefulOutBuf_GetError(&UOB)) {
      return "didn't detect corrupted UOB";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf BadUOB;
   memset(&BadUOB, 'x', sizeof(BadUOB));
   BadUOB.err = 0;
   UsefulOutBuf_Advance(&BadUOB, 1);
   if(!UsefulOutBuf_GetError(&BadUOB)) {
      return "didn't detect bad UOB";
   }


   return NULL;
}


const char * UOBExtraTests(void)
{
   #define COMPARE_TEST_SIZE 10
   UsefulOutBuf_MakeOnStack( UOB, COMPARE_TEST_SIZE); /* includes initialization */
   int                       nCompare;
   UsefulBufC                Out;
   UsefulOutBuf              UOB_UnInitialized;

   /* For test detection of uninitlized UOB (wrong magic number) */
   memset(&UOB_UnInitialized, 42, sizeof(UsefulInputBuf));

   /* --- Test UsefulOutBuf_Compare() --- */
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendString(&UOB, "abcabdefab");

   /* Tests of equal length, not off the end. */
   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 0, 2, 8, 2);
   if(nCompare != 0) {
      return "ab should compare equal";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 0, 3, 3, 3);
   if(nCompare != 'd' - 'c') {
      return "abc should not equal abd";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 3, 3, 0, 3);
   if(nCompare !=  'c' - 'd') {
      return "abd should not equal abc";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 3, 2, 8, 2);
   if(nCompare != 0) {
       return "ab should compare equal";
    }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 2, 4, 5, 4);
   if(nCompare != 'd' - 'c') {
      return "ca should not equal de";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 5, 1, 2, 1);
   if(nCompare != 'c' - 'd') {
      return "de should not equal ca";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 7, 2, 8, 2);
   if(nCompare !=  'a' - 'f') {
      return "fa should not equal ab";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 0, 10, 0, 10);
   if(nCompare != 0) {
      return "comparison to self failed";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 9, 1, 9, 1);
   if(nCompare != 0) {
      return "b should compare equal to b";
   }

   /* Tests off end */
   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 10, 1, 10, 1);
   if(nCompare != 0) {
      return "Comparison off the end is not equal";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 0, 1, 100, 1);
   if(nCompare != -1) {
      return "Comparison off end fail 1";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 100, 1, 0, 1);
   if(nCompare != 1) {
      return "Comparison off end fail 2";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 8, 3, 0, 3);
   if(nCompare != 1) {
      return "Comparison off end fail 3";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 0, 3, 8, 3);
   if(nCompare != -1) {
      return "Comparison off end fail 4";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 10, 1, 5, 1);
   if(nCompare != 1) {
      return "Comparison off end fail 5";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 5, 1, 10, 1);
   if(nCompare != -1) {
      return "Comparison off end fail 6";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 8, 3, 0, 2);
   if(nCompare != 0) {
      return "Comparison off end fail 7";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 0, 2, 8, 100);
   if(nCompare != 0) {
      return "Comparison off end fail 8";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 0, 0, 0, 0);
   if(nCompare != 0) {
      return "Empty compare failed";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 1, 1, 9, 3);
   if(nCompare != 0) {
      return "Unequal lengths, off end";
   }

   /* Tests of unequal lengths */
   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 0, 3, 3, 2);
   if(nCompare >= 0) {
      return "Comparison of unequal lengths incorrect";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 8, 2, 0, 3);
   if(nCompare <= 0) {
      return "Comparison of unequal lengths incorrect 2";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 0, 2, 2, 3);
   if(nCompare != 'c' - 'a') {
      return "Unequal lengths, unequal strings";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 1, 3, 4, 2);
   if(nCompare != 'd' - 'c') {
      return "Unequal lengths, unequal strings";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 7, 0, 7, 1);
   if(nCompare != 1) {
      return "zero length unequal length compare";
   }

   nCompare = UsefulOutBuf_Compare(&UOB, 0, 8, 3, 5);
   if(nCompare != 'd' - 'c') {
      return "another unequal length compare";
   }


   /* Test UsefulOutBuf_Swap() */

   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(&UOB);
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendString(&UOB, "abcdefgh");
   UsefulOutBuf_Swap(&UOB, 0, 4, 8);
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Out, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("efghabcd"))) {
      return "swap fail 1";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(&UOB);
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendString(&UOB, "abcdefgh");
   UsefulOutBuf_Swap(&UOB, 0, 1, 2);
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Out, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("bacdefgh"))) {
      return "swap fail 2";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(&UOB);
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendString(&UOB, "abcdefgh");
   UsefulOutBuf_Swap(&UOB, 0, 1, 8);
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Out, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("bcdefgha"))) {
      return "swap fail 3";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(&UOB);
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendString(&UOB, "abcdefgh");
   UsefulOutBuf_Swap(&UOB, 0, 3, 4);
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Out, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("dabcefgh"))) {
      return "swap fail 4";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(&UOB);
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendString(&UOB, "abcdefgh");
   UsefulOutBuf_Swap(&UOB, 9, 10, 11);
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Out, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("abcdefgh"))) {
      return "swap fail 5";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(&UOB);
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendString(&UOB, "abcdefgh");
   UsefulOutBuf_Swap(&UOB, 0, 4, 11);
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Out, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("abcdefgh"))) {
      return "swap fail 6";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(&UOB);
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendString(&UOB, "abcdefgh");
   UsefulOutBuf_Swap(&UOB, 9, 0, 0);
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Out, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("abcdefgh"))) {
      return "swap fail 7";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(&UOB);
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendString(&UOB, "abcdefgh");
   UsefulOutBuf_Swap(&UOB, 0, 0, 0);
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Out, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("abcdefgh"))) {
      return "swap fail 8";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(&UOB);
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendString(&UOB, "abcdefgh");
   UsefulOutBuf_Swap(&UOB, 8, 4, 0);
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Out, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("abcdefgh"))) {
      return "swap fail 9";
   }

   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(&UOB);
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendString(&UOB, "abcdefgh");
   UsefulOutBuf_Swap(&UOB, 0, 8, 4);
   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBuf(&UOB);
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Out, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("abcdefgh"))) {
      return "swap fail 10";
   }


   /* Test for UsefulOutBuf_GetOutput() */
   UsefulOutBuf_Reset(&UOB);
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendString(&UOB, "abc");
   UsefulOutBuf_AppendString(&UOB, "xyz");

   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBufOffset(&UOB, 0);
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Out, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("abcxyz"))) {
      return "GetOutput fail 1";
   }

   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBufOffset(&UOB, 5);
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Out, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("z"))) {
      return "GetOutput fail 2";
   }

   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBufOffset(&UOB, 1);
   if(UsefulBuf_Compare(Out, UsefulBuf_FROM_SZ_LITERAL("bcxyz"))) {
      return "GetOutput fail 3";
   }

   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBufOffset(&UOB, 6);
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(Out)) {
      return "GetOutput fail 4";
   }

   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBufOffset(&UOB, 7);
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(Out)) {
      return "GetOutput fail 5";
   }

   Out = UsefulOutBuf_OutUBufOffset(&UOB_UnInitialized, 1);
   if(!UsefulBuf_IsNULLC(Out)) {
      return "GetOutput fail 7";
   }

   return NULL;
}