psa: Fix builds without MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C

When `MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C` is not enabled, our PSA Crypto implementation
depends on the standard C library for functions like snprintf() and
exit(). However, our implementation was not including the proper header
files nor redefining all `mbedtls_*` symbols properly to ensure
successful builds without MBEDTLS_PLATFORM_C. Add the necessary header
files and macro definitions to our PSA Crypto implementation.
diff --git a/programs/psa/crypto_examples.c b/programs/psa/crypto_examples.c
index d7a667b..9947a70 100644
--- a/programs/psa/crypto_examples.c
+++ b/programs/psa/crypto_examples.c
@@ -5,7 +5,10 @@
 #include "mbedtls/platform.h"
 #else
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#define MBEDTLS_EXIT_FAILURE EXIT_FAILURE
 #define mbedtls_printf printf
+#define mbedtls_exit exit
 #endif
 
 #define ASSERT( predicate )                                                   \