diff --git a/tests/data_files/.gitignore b/tests/data_files/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7611e9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/data_files/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+cli-rsa.csr
+test-ca.csr
diff --git a/tests/data_files/Makefile b/tests/data_files/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e419ce9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/data_files/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+OPENSSL = openssl
+
+cli_crt_key_file_rsa = cli-rsa.key
+cli_crt_extensions_file = cli.opensslconf
+test_ca_key_file_rsa = test-ca.key
+test_ca_pwd_rsa = PolarSSLTest
+test_ca_config_file = test-ca.opensslconf
+
+default: all_final
+
+all_intermediate := # temporary files
+all_final := # files used by tests
+
+test-ca.csr: $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) $(test_ca_config_file)
+	$(OPENSSL) req -new -config $(test_ca_config_file) -key $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -subj "/C=NL/O=PolarSSL/CN=PolarSSL Test CA" -out $@
+all_intermediate += test-ca.csr
+test-ca-sha1.crt: $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) $(test_ca_config_file) test-ca.csr
+	$(OPENSSL) req -x509 -config $(test_ca_config_file) -key $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -set_serial 0 -days 3653 -sha1 -in test-ca.csr -out $@
+all_final += test-ca-sha1.crt
+test-ca-sha256.crt: $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) $(test_ca_config_file) test-ca.csr
+	$(OPENSSL) req -x509 -config $(test_ca_config_file) -key $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -set_serial 0 -days 3653 -sha256 -in test-ca.csr -out $@
+all_final += test-ca-sha256.crt
+
+cli-rsa.csr: $(cli_crt_key_file_rsa)
+	$(OPENSSL) req -new -key $(cli_crt_key_file_rsa) -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -subj "/C=NL/O=PolarSSL/CN=PolarSSL Client 2" -out $@
+all_intermediate += cli-rsa.csr
+cli-rsa-sha1.crt: $(cli_crt_key_file_rsa) test-ca-sha1.crt cli-rsa.csr
+	$(OPENSSL) x509 -req -extfile $(cli_crt_extensions_file) -extensions cli-rsa -CA test-ca-sha1.crt -CAkey $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -set_serial 4 -days 3653 -sha1 -in cli-rsa.csr -out $@
+all_final += cli-rsa-sha1.crt
+cli-rsa-sha256.crt: $(cli_crt_key_file_rsa) test-ca-sha256.crt cli-rsa.csr
+	$(OPENSSL) x509 -req -extfile $(cli_crt_extensions_file) -extensions cli-rsa -CA test-ca-sha256.crt -CAkey $(test_ca_key_file_rsa) -passin "pass:$(test_ca_pwd_rsa)" -set_serial 4 -days 3653 -sha256 -in cli-rsa.csr -out $@
+all_final += cli-rsa-sha256.crt
+
+all_final: $(all_final)
+all: $(all_intermediate) $(all_final)
+
+# These files should not be committed to the repository.
+list_intermediate:
+	@printf '%s\n' $(all_intermediate) | sort
+# These files should be committed to the repository so that the test data is
+# available upon checkout without running a randomized process depending on
+# third-party tools.
+list_final:
+	@printf '%s\n' $(all_final) | sort
+
+clean:
+	rm -f $(all_intermediate)
+neat: clean
+	rm -f $(all_final)
diff --git a/tests/data_files/Readme-x509.txt b/tests/data_files/Readme-x509.txt
index 680d612..60b0fd4 100644
--- a/tests/data_files/Readme-x509.txt
+++ b/tests/data_files/Readme-x509.txt
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 There are two main CAs for use as trusted roots:
 - test-ca.crt aka "C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=PolarSSL Test CA"
   uses a RSA-2048 key
+  test-ca-sha1.crt and test-ca-sha256.crt use the same key, signed with
+  different hashes.
 - test-ca2*.crt aka "C=NL, O=PolarSSL, CN=Polarssl Test EC CA"
   uses an EC key with NIST P-384 (aka secp384r1)
   variants used to test the keyUsage extension
@@ -53,6 +55,8 @@
 - cert_md*.crt, cert_sha*.crt: 1 R: signature hash
 - cert_v1_with_ext.crt: 1 R: v1 with extensions (illegal)
 - cli2.crt: 2 E: basic
+- cli-rsa.key, cli-rsa-*.crt: RSA key used for test clients, signed by
+  the RSA test CA.
 - enco-cert-utf8str.pem: see enco-ca-prstr.pem above
 - server1*.crt: 1* R C* P1*: misc *(server1-v1 see test-ca-v1.crt above)
     *CRL for: .cert_type.crt, .crt, .key_usage.crt, .v1.crt
@@ -91,3 +95,13 @@
 
 Note: crl_future would revoke server9 and cert_sha384.crt if signed by CA 1
       crl-rsa-pss* would revoke server6.crt if signed by CA 2
+
+Generation
+----------
+
+Newer test files have been generated through commands in the Makefile. The
+resulting files are committed to the repository so that the tests can
+run without having to re-do the generation and so that the output is the
+same for everyone (the generation process is randomized).
+
+The origin of older certificates has not been recorded.
diff --git a/tests/data_files/cli-rsa-sha1.crt b/tests/data_files/cli-rsa-sha1.crt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..906f6df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/data_files/cli-rsa-sha1.crt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/cli-rsa-sha256.crt b/tests/data_files/cli-rsa-sha256.crt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a0fc11e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/data_files/cli-rsa-sha256.crt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/cli-rsa.key b/tests/data_files/cli-rsa.key
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eb1d3bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/data_files/cli-rsa.key
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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+-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/data_files/cli.opensslconf b/tests/data_files/cli.opensslconf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae9ab9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/data_files/cli.opensslconf
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[cli-rsa]
+subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
+authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always,issuer:always
+basicConstraints = CA:false
diff --git a/tests/data_files/print_c.pl b/tests/data_files/print_c.pl
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..b584578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/data_files/print_c.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env perl
+# Usage:
+#   print_c mbedtls_test_foo <file.pem
+#   print_c TEST_FOO mbedtls_test_foo <file.pem
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+
+my $pp_name = @ARGV > 1 ? shift @ARGV : undef;
+my $name = shift @ARGV;
+
+my @lines = map {chomp; s/([\\"])/\\$1/g; "\"$_\\r\\n\""} <STDIN>;
+
+if (defined $pp_name) {
+    foreach ("#define $pp_name", @lines[0..@lines-2]) {
+        printf "%-72s\\\n", $_;
+    }
+    print "$lines[@lines-1]\n";
+    print "const char $name\[\] = $pp_name;\n";
+} else {
+    print "const char $name\[\] =";
+    foreach (@lines) {
+        print "\n$_";
+    }
+    print ";\n";
+}
diff --git a/tests/data_files/test-ca-sha1.crt b/tests/data_files/test-ca-sha1.crt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7cb35d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/data_files/test-ca-sha1.crt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+FLRa5KWz3tJS9rnVppUP6z68x/3/oT+kPTA7MQswCQYDVQQGEwJOTDERMA8GA1UE
+CgwIUG9sYXJTU0wxGTAXBgNVBAMMEFBvbGFyU1NMIFRlc3QgQ0GCAQAwDAYDVR0T
+BAUwAwEB/zANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAfDd5khSv/+K3De9qmH/ID3CVapGS
+EN5MlXS5vvGCjZSA41MuXkUl11akKHXQ9aLlp85OZUdGbfQ5wwCoj/MymbT4fES2
+1dI8O1oI3PZI/0dqEvQETlIwSoZV2c/oaPRfh2E99v2+8FNIaZOfV2MX1n9+6AdO
+W2nlK2oklozXSYg6KWtISr8N8Ofew2LQ9+riFlrrdaxsr8CoJqPqMDTq7FUmkDmO
+oHize/h9bFksIunKoVQHa8P4w/W9bnR69nziyhZotbwOOkAWVnIyEM9QnaKWXeIy
+rP6ewcTQjNYkguHJ8RY9rW+5bdaSY4EljSqZ3P3F+zo8P6sVi3qSlai5lQ==
+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/test-ca-sha256.crt b/tests/data_files/test-ca-sha256.crt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b14e405
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/data_files/test-ca-sha256.crt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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+-----END CERTIFICATE-----
diff --git a/tests/data_files/test-ca.opensslconf b/tests/data_files/test-ca.opensslconf
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..12835df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/data_files/test-ca.opensslconf
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+[req]
+x509_extensions = v3_ca
+distinguished_name = req_dn
+
+[req_dn]
+countryName = NL
+organizationalUnitName = PolarSSL
+commonName = PolarSSL Test CA
+
+[v3_ca]
+subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
+authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always,issuer:always
+basicConstraints = CA:true